Phasentransfer-Mittel

摘要

1,227,144. Organic compounds. CONTINENTAL OIL CO. 27 March, 1968 [5 April, 1967], No. 14639/68. Heading C2C. Heterogeneous ionic organic reactions wherein the reactants are in a plurality of immiscible liquid phases with one of the reactants being located substantially entirely in a different phase from the contiguous phase in which a second reactant is located are catalysed by adding to one or both of the contiguous phases of the heterogeneous system, an organic quaternary salt which includes at least one group having the formula (R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 M)+X- where M is a pentavalent ion of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are hydrocarbon radicals (wherein one of the hydrocarbon radicals may be substituted by a further quaternary group) the total number of carbon atoms being from 18 to 70, and X- is an anion which will dis sociate from the Catin (R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 M) in an aqueous environment, said organic quaternary salt being substantially more soluble in the less polar of said reactantcontaining phases than in the other of said reactant-containing phases, said quaternary salt not forming an emulsion between the immiscible phases, and wherein in the catalysed reaction the organic quaternary salt exchanges an anion with one of the reactants located in one of the phases of the system, moves to the contiguous phase and said anion there reacts with the other reactant. Processes exemplified are the alkaline hydrolysis of esters, the permanganate oxidation of olefins, the borohydride reduction of ketones to alcohols, the alkaline hydrolysis of sulphonyl chlorides to metal sulphonates, the alkylation of malononitrile with alkyi bromides to give dialkyl malononitriles, the production of dichlorocarbenes from chloroform and their subsequent reaction with olefins to give unfused or fused l,1-dichlorocyclopropanes, and ionic displacement reactions, e.g. conversion of alkyl chlorides to alkyl cyanides, and of alkyl bromides to alkyl chlorides, iodides, acetates or thiocyanates by reaction with an appropriate anion, or to dialkyl ureas by reaction with a cyanate.