| 主权项 |
1. An electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, selected from devices as follows: tungsten carbon super battery, tungsten and tungsten super battery, tungsten lead oxide super battery, tungston carbon/tungston lead oxide hybrid super battery system, wherein the tungsten materials in the aforementioned electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices are selected from one or more than one types of various crystal structures:
(a) the aforementioned various crystal structures of tungsten trioxide (WO3), comprising the monoclinic structure, triclinic structure, orthorhombic structure, cubic crystal structure, hexagonal structure, bi-continuous structure tungsten trioxide, and combinations of two or more from the various WO3 crystal structures; (b) hydrous tungsten trioxides (WO3 nH2O) having said crystal structures of claim (a), where n values can range from 0 to 5, preferentially in the range of 0 to 2, more preferably in the range of 0-1; (c) doped tungsten trioxides or hydrous tungsten trioxide with another element A (AxWO3 or AxWO3 nH2O) having said tungsten trioxide (WO3) of claim (a), or said hydrous tungsten trioxide (WO3 nH2O) of claim (b), wherein the doping element A may be selected from one or more of the following groups of elements: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, rare metals, of which x values may be in the range from 0 to 0.3, preferentially in the range of 0 to 0.1, more preferably in the range of 0 to 0.05, an alkali metal may be sodium, potassium, an alkaline earth metal may be calcium, strontium, transition metal may be titanium, zirconium, rare metal may be lanthanum, cerium; (d) a mixture from one or more of the said tungsten trioxide (WO3) having various crystal structures of claim (a), said hydrous tungsten trioxides (WO3 nH2O) having various crystal structures of claim (b), and said element doped tungsten trioxides (AxWO3) or hydrous tungsten trioxide (AxWO3 nH2O) having various crystal structures of claim (c); (e) a mixture or composite material consisting of one or more of the aforementioned tungsten materials of claim (a), (b), (c), (d), wherein tungsten material is tungsten trioxide (WO3), hydrous trioxide (WO3 nH2O), element-doped tungsten trioxide (AxWO3) or elements doped hydrous tungsten trioxide(AxWO3 nH2O), and additional tungsten-free material, wherein said tungsten-free material may be selected from the following materials: carbon materials, polymer materials, metal oxides or its salts, or ceramic materials, and the said carbon materials include, but are not limited to carbon black, onion structured carbon particles, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide or various combinations thereof, the polymer materials include, but are not limited to, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene , poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene, sulfonated polystyrene, or various combinations thereof, and the metals and their salts include, but are not limited to titanium, vanadium, chromium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, lead, bismuth or various combinations thereof, wherein the ceramic materials include, but are not limited to, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, strontium oxide, aluminum oxide, or various combinations thereof; (f) a mixture or composite material consisting of one or more of the aforementioned tungsten materials of claim (a), (b), (c), (d), wherein tungsten material is tungsten trioxide (WO3), hydrous trioxide (WO3 nH2O), element-doped tungsten trioxide (AxWO3) or elements doped hydrous tungsten trioxide(AxWO3 nH2O), and said mixture of composite of claim (e); |
