| 摘要 |
Methods, systems and apparatus are provided for performing transactions. A method of conducting a transaction involves authorising the transaction only if a cumulative balance in an account of different currencies exceeds the transaction amount by a predetermined amount. A method of providing funds from a sending party to a receiving party involves, upon the provision of a token to a user, his/her account having currency balances in a first currency, and a second currency associated with the token provider. A method of conducting a transaction without direct external authorisation involves mutually validating a merchant and customer token 850, such as cards, through a POS and then transferring 860 a balance from the customer token to the merchant token. A merchant and customer token are also claimed, which may be in a smart card. The merchant and customer token have an account management application. A POS terminal is also provided that is adapted for offline transactions between two smart cards. The terminal has a first and second interface and can transfer a balance amount between the tokens. Also a process for reconciliation 870 of an account is also provided, involving performing offline transactions using a token and subsequently establishing communication with a financial institution to update the account with the offline transactions.
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