Electroconductive roll, charging device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

摘要

The invention provides an electroconductive roll having at least a surface layer forming an outer peripheral surface of the electroconductive roll. The surface layer contains projections and recesses. The projections contain a plurality of particles. A ratio of an area occupied by particles existing in a cross-section of a projection to an entire area of the cross-section of the projection is larger than a ratio of an area occupied by particles existing in a cross-section of a recess to an entire area of the cross-section of the recess. The invention further provides a process cartridge having a charging roll which is the electroconductive roll and/or a transfer roll which is the electroconductive roll. The invention further provides an image forming apparatus having a charging unit containing the electroconductive roll and/or a transfer unit containing the electroconductive roll.