| 摘要 |
A method, system, and apparatus for authenticating transactions and records is disclosed. An information-based indicium includes an article bearing a first identifier, wherein the first identifier substantially prevents a single user from accumulating multiple articles bearing the same first identifier, and a first digital certificate that is derived in part by encoding the first identifier, wherein the first digital certificate and the article may be presented together to authenticate the indicium by comparing the first digital certificate and the first identifier.
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