| 摘要 |
Fastening apparatus includes a fastener (30, 64, 120), including a threaded shaft (34, 126) having a thread diameter and a fastening element (36, 68, 124) having a head diameter, greater than the thread diameter. An annular washer (38, 40, 66, 70, 90, 100, 110, 122), including a shape memory material, is configured to fit over and surround the shaft and has an outer diameter no greater than the head diameter.
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