| 摘要 |
Fibres are produced by stretching a film or a relatively thick monofilament consisting of a normally crystalline, synthetic thermoplastic linear high polymer to orient its crystalline microstructure, treating the film or filament with a swelling agent, and thereafter subjecting it to a disintegration treatment such as friction, distortion, impact or sonic or supersonic vibrations or, in the case of a film, lateral stretching, to form a plurality of fine fibres. The film or filament may be under tension or in a relaxed condition when treated with the swelling agent. The high polymer may be nylon, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene or a polyterephthalate. The film or filament may be passed through a bath of liquid which may be subjected to supersonic vibrations or to sonic vibrations of sufficiently high frequency to have dispersing power. The liquid may be a swelling agent, and the film or filament may be supported during its passage through the bath between two endless, highly porous travelling belts. The frequency may range from the just audible to about 100 kilocycles per second. The splitting up of the film or filament may be carried out in such a manner as to form individual fibres or to retain some degree of cohesion between the fibres so that they remain sufficiently united to form a network. The disintegration of the film or filament into fibres may also be effected by using a volatile swelling agent and causing this to evaporate very rapidly while the film or filament is pressed between two supports. In an example, a narrow band of quenched polyethylene, about 0.04 mm. thick, is oriented by cold-drawing and led through a bath of cyclohexanone at about 80 DEG C., and the adhering liquid is then mopped off the band. The band is thereafter passed through the nip of a pair of skin-covered rollers which rotate to advance the band and at the same time oscillate axially. The disintegration is carried out in several stages, the amplitude of oscillation being increased at each stage, by means of which the band is split up into a network of fine oriented coherent fibres. The band is finally either twisted in conventional apparatus to form a textile yarn or opened out to form a broad band which may be used for the production of non-woven textile materials. The amplitude of oscillation at the final disintegration stage may be sufficiently high to produce staple fibres. In the other example, a band of especially highly polymerized polycaprolactam produced by melt extrusion is oriented by stretching it while still in a thermoplastic condition by passing it through a system of rollers heated to a temperature a little below the melting point of the polymer. The band is then passed over a set of cooling rollers rotating at the same peripheral speed as the last of the stretching rollers, annealed for 2 minutes by blowing nitrogen at 80 DEG C. on to it and passed slowly through a bath of a 45 per cent solution of formic acid in ethyl alcohol or of aqueous hydrochloric acid of about 3.5 N concentration. In this bath the band of polymer is subjected to continuous supersonic vibration having a frequency of 10 kilocycles per second, produced magneto-strictionally, to split it up into a network of fine fibres which is used as raw yarn after twisting. A small proportion of talcum powder may be added to the bath to accelerate the rate of distintegration of the band.
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