Methods of programming non-volatile memory devices including transition metal oxide layer as data storage material layer and devices so operated

摘要

A method of programming a non-volatile memory device including a transition metal oxide layer includes applying a first electric pulse to the transition metal oxide layer for a first period to establish a resistance of the transition metal oxide layer and applying a second electric pulse to the transition metal oxide layer for a second period, longer than the first period, to increase the resistance of the transition metal oxide layer. Related devices are also disclosed.