| 摘要 |
A continuous process for nitrating carbocyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds of aromatic nature with nitric acid and sulphuric acid, wherein the reaction mixture comprising the aforesaid materials is circulated through a heat exchanger by mechanical means and cooled therein and a portion of the reaction mixture after passage through the heat exchanger is withdrawn and the remainder with introduction of additional quantities of the starting materials is recirculated to said heat exchanger, is characterised by the fact that the reaction mixture is circulated in a turbulent flow through the heat exchanger at such a velocity that there is produced at least 2 pounds of the nitrated product per hour and per gallon of the reactor capacity. The process may be employed in the nitration of benzene and toluene, to obtain mono- and dinitrobenzenes and mono-, di-, and trinitrotoluene and in the nitration of substituted benzenes, e.g. alkyl and polyalkyl benzenes, naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, styrene, pyridine, aminopyridine, picoline, aminopicoline and quinoline. Examples are furnished relating to the preparation of nitrobenzene from benzene, mono- and dinitrotoluene from toluene, trinitrotoluene from dinitrotoluene and 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine from dinitromethylaniline. Dichloroethylene is employed as solvent in the latter process to facilitate separation of the desired product from the spent acids. Apparatus for carrying out the process is described. The apparatus includes a circulation loop, means for introducing a mixture of reactants into the loop and for withdrawing reaction products, a heat exchanger within the loop for cooling the reacting mixture and means for recirculating the reaction mixture, in particular a centrifugal pump. A multi stage apparatus comprising a plurality of such units is described also.
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