| 摘要 |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a material having excellent hole injecting and hole transporting properties, and a light-emitting element and a light-emitting apparatus which use the material having excellent hole injecting and hole transporting properties. SOLUTION: A carbazole derivative represented by formula (1) is used. This carbazole derivative excels in hole injecting and by using the carbazole derivative as a hole injecting material in the hole injecting layer of a light-emitting element, the driving voltage can be reduced. Further, by applying this substance to a light-emitting element and a light-emitting apparatus, a lower driving voltage, enhanced emission efficiency, a longer lifetime, and enhanced reliability can be realized. COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
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