| 摘要 |
An apparatus and method of operating a probe-based instrument in a torsional mode. The method includes providing a probe having a cantilever defining a longitudinal axis and supporting a tip. In operation, the method torsionally oscillates the probe generally about the longitudinal axis at a resonance. In addition, the method changes a separation distance between the tip and a surface of a sample so the tip interacts with the surface during data acquisition. By detecting a change in the torsional oscillation of the cantilever in response to the interaction between the tip and the surface, forces, including shear forces and shear force gradients, between the tip and the surface can be measured to determine sub-nanometer features.
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