| 摘要 |
Several methods are described as follows: Method for transesterification of vegetable oils; with aliphatic alcohols in a 1:1-3.5 weight ratio, at 200-260 [deg]C in an enclosed reactor, at 6-8 MPa, preferably for 5-80 minutes duration. Method to convert used frying oils into fuel by a reaction with an aliphatic alcohol, in presence of a base. The reaction takes place on the surface of a cationic-ion exchange resin, with the aliphatic alcohol at a 1: 1-1.5 weight ratio, at 1-8 bar pressure and 30-180 [deg]C. A 2-3 fold weight of aliphatic alcohol is added to the reaction mix and a maximum of 12 weight% of a base for further esterification. The emerging glycerol phase is removed continuously and the resulting reaction mix is passed through an ion exchange resin and then freed from alcohol. Typical vegetable oil based fuel compositions contain 3-80 weight% vegetable oil - methyl-ester and 97-20 weight% mineral oil based mixtures. Method for biologically producing ethanol from natural (preferably maize) starch, in the presence of amylo-glucosidase, alpha- and beta-amylase, in a medium at pH 3-7, at 40-80 [deg]C, in 4-48 hours. The resulting mix is heat treated (at 100 [deg]C in this instance) and brought into contact with a Zymase enzyme system under anaerobic conditions, for 4-48 hours. Alcohol is separated for utilization. Typical ethanol based fuel compositions contain 30 - 70 vol.% lead-free hydrocarbon mixture (boiling point range: 40-170 [deg]C) a maximum of 10 vol.% of known, performance enhancing additives and 20-60 vol.% ethyl-alcohol containing. max. 0.01 weight% water. A starch based polymer mixture contains 50-90 weight% starch, 5-35 weight% polymeric binder(s) and 1-5 weight% additives used in the polymer industry. |
