SEMICONDUCTOR AND NON-SEMICONDUCTOR NON-DIFFUSION-GOVERNED BIOELECTRODES

摘要

An implantable electrode and electrode system for contacting living biologic al material that includes an electrode assembly including at least a portion of the electrode, adapted to contact the living biological material at an electrode/tissue interface, exhibiting conduction that is substantially limited to electron or electron vacancy conduction. The implantable electrod e is manufactured by coupling an electrode to a distal end of a conductor, and forming at least one surface of the electrode with a material that conducts electricity in a manner that is substantially limited to electron or electro n vacancy conduction when the at least one surface is in contact with the livi ng matter.