MULTI-STAGE FILTRATION AND SOFTENING MODULE AND REDUCED SCALING OPERATION

摘要

A filtration module has a plurality of hollow fiber nanofiltration or revers e osmosis membranes suspended between a pair of opposed headers. The lumens of the membranes are the retentate or feed side. The membranes are arranged in groups, such as sectors of a cylinder, and form preceding or succeeding stages. A permeate collection plenum is in direct fluid communication with each stage. The stages are connected by caps typically having dividers locat ed at the ends of the module. The module is used to filter water and, when optionally fitted with hollow fibre membranes adapted to selectively rehect hardness causing salts, is used to remove hardness. Methods of cleaning usin g acidic solutions or gaseous carbon dioxide are discussed. Cleaning methods include adding acid to the feed water continuously or periodically during permeation, flushing the module with an acidic solution while not permeating and holding an acidic solution or gaseaous carbon dioxide in the module for a period of time while not permeating followed by flushing. A filtration syste m is also disclosed.