| 摘要 |
A liquid crystal element, in which a liquid crystal layer is held between a pair of substrates, an electrode and a functional thin film such as an insulating film are formed on at least one of the substrates, and a refractive index difference between a largest refractive index and a smallest refractive index among refractive indexes of the substrate, the electrode formed on this substrate and the functional thin film formed on this substrate is in a range from 0 to 0.3. A layered type liquid crystal element, in which a plurality of liquid crystal layers are layered, each of the liquid crystal layers is held between a pair of substrates, an electrode and a functional thin film are formed on at least one of the substrates, and a refractive index difference between a largest refractive index and a smallest refractive index among refractive indexes of the substrate, the electrode formed on this substrate and the functional thin film formed on this substrate is in a range from 0 to 0.3.
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