| 摘要 |
Surgical training apparatus and methods are provided simulating a patient having a background radiation emissions level and at least one concentrated source of radiation emissions. The apparatus includes a first zone having a predetermined traceable background radiation emission level. Preferably, this level is generated by incorporating radioactive nuclides into or on the material of construction of the first zone. These radioactive nuclides are well known to those skilled in the art and include Cl-36, Co-57, Co-60, Sr-90, Tc-99, Cs-137, Tl-204, Th-230, Pu-238, Pu-239, Am-241, Cr-51, Sr-85, Y-88, Cd-109, Ba-133, Bi-210, Ge-68, Ru-106, as well as other Alpha and/or Beta emitters. A more concentrated radiation source is incorporated into the apparatus in conjunction with the first zone. This radiation source can be configured, for example, to simulate a concentration of radionucleid labeled antibodies at a tumor site, or, in the case of lymphatic mapping, lesion drainage and accumulation sites. It is also contemplated that simulated injection sites and/or drainage channels be formed adjacent the first zone. A plurality of apparatus may be incorporated to simulate depth of field. Also, overlays simulating, e.g. biological topography, can be used to further enhance the training environs.
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