Vehicle including freeze stress resistant fluid conducting apparatuses

摘要

An improved vehicle includes fluid conducting apparatuses such as tubing and fittings which make up a piping system installed on the vehicle. The material used to make the fluid conducting apparatuses satisfies a specified ratio between the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength of the material. When the fluid conducting apparatuses are filled with frozen water such that the internal volume of the apparatuses has expanded by 10%, if the material has a modulus of elasticity of less than 20.5 times the yield strength of the material, then the material will not yield but will return substantially to its original shape and dimensions when the stress of the frozen water is removed.