| 摘要 |
Compositions containing sulfuric acid and one or more of certain chalcogen-containing compounds in which the chalcogen compound/H2SO4 molar ratio is below 2 contain the mono-adduct of sulfuric acid which is catalytically active for promoting organic chemical reactions. Suitable chalcogen-containing compounds have the empirical formula <IMAGE> wherein X is a chalcogen, each of R1 and R2 is independently selected from hydrogen, NR3R4, and NR5, at least one of R1 and R2 is other than hydrogen, each of R3 and R4 is hydrogen or a monovalent organic radical, and R5 is a divalent organic radical. Such compositions are useful for catalyzing organic reactions such as oxidation, oxidative addition, reduction, reductive addition, esterification, transesterification, hydrogenation, isomerication (including racemization of optical isomers), alkylation, polymerization, demetallization of organometallics, nitration, Friedel-Crafts reactions, and hydrolysis. Novel catalysts are disclosed which involve combinations of the chalcogen compound-sulfuric compositions with one or more transition metal halides and/or with one or more surfactants. The surfactant-containing compositions are particularly useful for the treatment of materials containing lipophilic substances. Novel compositions containing a chalcogen compound-sulfuric acid component and one or more organic reactants are also disclosed.
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