Developing apparatus, developing method, image-forming apparatus, and image-forming method

摘要

Provided is a developing apparatus, including: a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image; a toner carrier for carrying the toner; and a regulating member for regulating a layer thickness of the toner carried by the toner carrier, in which: the toner includes a toner containing toner particles each containing a binder resin and a magnetic material, and inorganic fine particles present on surfaces of the toner particles; the toner has a dielectric loss factor (∈″) at a frequency of 100 kHz and a temperature of 30° C. of 0.03 pF/m or more and 0.30 pF/m or less; the toner carrier includes a substrate, an elastic layer, and a surface layer containing a urethane resin; and the urethane resin has a partial structure derived from a reaction between a compound represented by the structural formula (1) and a polyisocyanate.

主权项

1. A developing apparatus for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on a surface of an electrostatic latent image bearing member to form a toner image on the surface of the electrostatic latent image bearing member, the developing apparatus comprising:
a toner for developing the electrostatic latent image; a toner carrier for carrying the toner; and a regulating member for regulating a layer thickness of the toner carried by the toner carrier, wherein: the toner comprises a toner containing
toner particles each containing a binder resin and a magnetic material, andinorganic fine particles present on surfaces of the toner particles; the toner has a dielectric loss factor (∈″) at a frequency of 100 kHz and a temperature of 30° C. of 0.03 pF/m or more and 0.30 pF/m or less; the toner carrier includes
a substrate,an elastic layer, anda surface layer containing a urethane resin; and the urethane resin has a partial structure derived from a reaction between
a compound represented by the following structural formula (1) anda polyisocyanate:in the structural formula (1):
n represents an integer of 1 or more and 4 or less; R3's each independently represent a group selected from the group consisting of the following (a) to (c):(a) a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms,(b) an aminoalkyl group having 2 or more and 8 or less carbon atoms, and(c) a group represented by the following structural formula (2); and
R4 represents an alkylene group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms:in the structural formula (2):
m in 2 or 3; and R5 represents an alkylene group having 2 or more and 5 or less carbon atoms.