Improvements relating to the removal of dissolved salts and other non-volatile substances from liquids

摘要

For the removal or extraction of dissolved salts from solvent liquid, such as water, the solution is subjected to a pressure substantially above the critical pressure of the solvent and is heated to a temperature above the critical temperature, the salts then precipitating out and settling by gravity while the purified solvent is drawn off and passed through a heat exchanger to heat up incoming solution to be treated, the super-critical pressure being maintained throughout these steps. Thus for the treatment of sea water having a critical pressure of 230 kilograms per square centimetre, a pressure of 300/350 kilograms per square centimetre is used. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 5 the solution entering by a pipe N1 is placed under pressure by a piston 31 and passes by a pipe L1 to a chamber R1 where it is heated by alternating current passing through the liquid between an electrode 28 and an enlarged portion of the entering pipe 27 into which the electrode projects; when the critical temperature is reached the salts precipitate and the liquid thus becomes non-conductive so that this heating of the liquid then automatically ceases. The chamber R1 is however, provided with a heating coil 30 to maintain the temperature somewhat higher than the critical temperature. The salts settle by gravity to the bottom of the chamber R1 where due to the slight fall in temperature a concentrated solution is formed which is drawn off through a pipe L3 by a piston 32. The purified solvent is drawn off through filtering baffles 53 and thence through a pipe L2 by the piston provided by the annular area of the composite piston 31-32. The incoming solution from the chamber R1 is heated by the heat-exchanger arrangement of the pipes L1, L3. The heat transfer is such as to prevent any boiling in the pipes. By working at a pressure substantially above the critical pressure improved temperature-difference conditions are attained for the heat exchange. The pressure may be raised in two or more stages. A preliminary settling chamber 51 is provided in the pipe L1 for salts such as gypsum which precipitate before the critical temperature is reached. It will be noted that the pressure of the outgoing liquids (the purified solvent liquid and the concentrated solution) is used to give the pressure on the incoming solution and that the crankshaft drive 37, which includes a spring connection 38, has only to provide the necessary slight power difference. Due to the slight difference in volume of the incoming solution and the out-going components a make-up pump P4 is provided. Valves 43, 45 in the pipes L1, L3 close in the event of excessive flow from the receiver R1 on occurrence of damage or fault. Electrically operated diaphragm pumps may be used. Variable-throw crankshaft operated pumps with single drive or independently operated pumps may be used where the salt content varies. The solution should be de-aerated before treatment. Fig. 9 shows an arrangement without pumps suitable for ship use where only small quantities are required. Heating of the chamber R1 is effected electrically, by flame, or otherwise, so as to raise the temperature above the critical value and the circulation for heat exchanges between the pipes L1, L2 is effected by thermosiphonic action. The separated salts fall down and the purified water in the upper chamber R3 can be drawn off for use at the cock 77 after the apparatus has cooled. The high-pressure chamber R1 shown in Fig. 10 comprises a thin walled chemically resistant internal member surrounded by fine sand 79 and contained in a strong iron cover 80. The sand is open to the high pressure of pipe L1 by a branch pipe 81 so that the internal member is balanced against the pressure. The Specification as open to inspection under Sect. 91 comprises also (1) an arrangement with a paddle in the chamber R1 whereby the separated salts are centrifugally separated from the solvent, Fig. 7 (Cancelled) (not shown); (2) arrangements for adding sea water to the salt concentrate discharging through the pipe L3 to prevent the salt separating out by the cooling of the discharging concentrate during its passage through such pipe L3, and (3) an arrangement Fig. 10 (Cancelled) with a separate settling chamber R2 at the temperature of the surroundings into which the pipe L3 descends through the connecting neck 70 between the lower chamber R2 and the critical-temperature chamber R1. Thus cool liquid is drawn off from the cool chamber R2 by the pipe L3 and heated by the downflow through the neck 70 of the hot separating concentrate. The drawn off liquid so heated has only a low salt content and its heat is utilized in the heat-exchanger pipe system as before rescribed. This subject-matter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.