CHARGING MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

摘要

A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2):, X representing one functional group selected from the group consisting of - O - , - NR¹² - and - COO - ; R¹¹ a hydrocarbon group; R¹² a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group; and Z ²¹ a divalent organic group. Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging, and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.