| 摘要 |
<p>An energy generator capable of transferring heat from a cold region to a hot region, which utilizes the adiabatic temperature difference called lapse rate generated in gas or gas-like particles when a field or an energy potential gradient is applied to the particles. The temperature difference is increased by the thermal conductivity of the particles and lowered by the thermal conductivity of the substrate or container holding the particles. Implementations include semiconductors with a doping gradient or with an externally applied voltage; vapors in contact with their liquids; gases in contact with adsorbing surfaces; polar molecules with electrons in the conduction band. Multilayer devices are described. Applications include, for example, coolers, heaters, electrical generators and photon generators.</p> |
