| 摘要 |
Polymers and copolymers are made from derivatives of a ,b -mono-olefinic carboxylic acids containing the group >N-N<, e.g. the hydrazides and hydrazinium salts of acrylic and methacrylic acids, the mono- and di-hydrazides, mono - N - amino imides, mono - and di - hydrazinium salts of maleic, fumaric and itaconic acids and the corresponding compounds derived from substituted hydrazines such as the phenyl, benzyl, methyl, ethyl and mono-acetyl hydrazines and semi-carbazide. Specified comonomers are acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylic acid, methyl and ethyl acrylates, methyl and butyl methacrylates, acrylamide and methacrylamide; styrene, halogen, alkyl and alkoxy substituted styrenes; vinyl and vinylidine chlorides, tetrafluorethylene; vinyl and isopropenyl acetates; methylene malenonitrile, maleic anhydride, diethyl fumarate and maleate, itaconic nitrile and esters; methyl vinyl ketone; butadiene, isoprene, chloroprene, 2-cyano-butadiene and various mixtures. The copolymerization is preferably effected in an aqueous medium using as catalyst ultra-violet light, ammonium or alkali metal persulphate, azo-di-isobutyronitrile, oxygen; hydrogen, benzoyl, acetyl, acetyl-benzoyl, lauryl, dialkyl and cyclic ether peroxides; alkyl hydroperoxides; diazoaminobenzene, benzene diazoacetate, benzene diazotriphenyl methane, nitrosoacetanilide and tetraphenylsuccinonitrile. Activators such as sulphur dioxide, sulphites, bisulphites, hydrosulphites, hypophosphites, ferrous salts, soluble salts of silver and copper, and alkali metal ferricyanides and cobalticyanides may be included. The medium may contain modifying agents such as benzene, toluene, cyclo-hexane, dioxane, carbon tetrachloride and hexachlorethane. Dispersing agents and/or protective colloids, e.g. sulphonated higher paraffins and polyvinyl alcohol, may also be included and example 5 describes the production of pearls. The acrylonitrile may be added at intervals during the polymerization. Filaments may be obtained by wet, dry or melt spinning the products, in particular those of high acrylonitrile content, these latter usually being soluble in dimethylformamide, ethylene carbonate, g -butyrolactone, sulpholane and concentrated aqueous solutions of dimethylformamide, and may be dyed with direct cotton dyes. The filaments may be oriented by stretching in steam, hot water or in dry heat and may then be stabilized against shrinkage by heat treatment. The polymers may be cross-linked with phthalic anhydride, adipic acid, di- and poly-isocyanates, glyoxal or formaldehyde, or partially hydrolysed with acid. The filaments may be made into fabrics either alone or in admixture with cotton, wool, silk or synthetic fibres. Films, moulded and extruded articles may also be obtained. The monomers may be used as transfer agents in regulating polymerization or as polymerization initiators.
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