<p>In an aspect, a perturbation is applied to a system comprising an enzymatic chemical reaction and/or an organic catalytic chemical reaction with the perturbation being non-directional (average of the force applied by the perturbation being zero) with respect to a variable of the system. A directional effect is caused with respect to the said enzymatic or organic catalytic chemical reaction as a result of the perturbation and an asymmetry of the perturbed system. The present invention also embodies an apparatus comprising a site for an enzymatic or organic catalytic chemical reaction and a device controlled to perturb a system that includes the enzymatic or organic catalytic chemical reaction, the average of the force applied by the perturbation being zero, a directional effect being caused with respect to the chemical reaction as a result of the perturbation and an asymmetry of the perturbed system.</p>
