<p>A fixer fixing a toner including a binder resin and a colorant on a recording medium upon application of at least one of heat and pressure, including: a fixing member fixing the toner on the recording medium; a pressurizing member pressurizing the toner thereon; and a cleaning member collecting the toner from the fixing member or the pressurizing member onto the cleaning member, €ƒ€ƒ€ƒ
wherein a storage modulus of the toner collected on the cleaning member is larger than a storage modulus thereof before fixed.</p>
