Réacteurs nucléaires

摘要

1,101,539. Reactors. UNITED KINGDOM ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY. 9 June, 1965 [19 June, 1964], No. 25457/64. Heading G6C. A fast nuclear reactor cooled by a supercritically pressurized aqueous coolant has. epithermal neutron absorber for counteracting reactivity gain on flooding concentrated in a part of the core where in normal operation the coolant density is less than elsewhere in the core. The effect of the flooding is to soften the neutron energy spectrum and as this occurs, the epithermal absorber becomes increasingly effective in capturing neutrons, being chosen to achieve peak effectiveness in advance of the 0À3 eV fission resonance of Pu 239, which is a strong contributor to the reactivity rise on flooding. Suitable absorbers are Hf, In and Eu. It is preferred that the low coolant density part of the core constitutes the core centre, an arrangement which is conveniently achieved by multi-pass coolant flow. In the reactor described, the coolant makes three passes through the core, commencing at the periphery and finishing at the centre of the core, and europium oxide is added to the fuel as a uniform dispersion in the second and third passes, the amount added being equivalent to 3% by volume of the fuel in these passes. The fuel is assembled in plate form and comprises a cermet of the mixed dioxides of U and Pu dispersed in a matrix of stainless steel, the proportions by volume being 40% mixed oxides and 60% stainless steel and the mixed oxides representing an enrichment (i.e. ratio of Pu to Pu and U atoms) of 70%. The epithermal absorber is preferably concentrated exclusively in the low coolant density part of the core since the increase in density on flooding is greater here than the average over the core as a whole and the effect of the absorber is therefore more sharp on flooding. To provide top and bottom axial reflectors, as well as the interconnection of the coolant passes, the casings of the fuel assemblies are extended at the top by hollow conical spikes and at the bottom by hollow cylindrical, conical tipped spikes. The top spikes are seated in apertures of a removable block. The bottom spikes are provided with slots in their cylindrical portions, those of the outermost row of fuel assemblies opening into a radial reflector space encircling the core and those of the other fuel assemblies opening into vertical tubes within the core support structure. The comparatively thick coolant reflector layers bounding the core on all sides provide for such a large measure of leakage control that at zero coolant density, i.e. complete loss of coolant, there is considerable loss of reactivity.