Perfectionnements aux procédés et appareils d'usinage électrochimique

摘要

An electrode tool for electrolytically removing material from the surface of a workpiece comprises a plurality of conductive members insulated from one another and adapted to provide a surface that is substantially complementary to the surface contours to be produced in the workpiece, means being provided for separately initiating and separately controlling the current supplied to each conductive member, e.g. in accordance with a predetermined programme. Electrolysis may be by D.C. or by bipolar operation with A.C.,periodically reversed D.C., or 3-phase A.C.Fig.1 shows a tool 20 and workpiece 17, the tool 20 comprising conductive members 21 insulated from one another, e.g. by polytetrafluorethylene, each member being separately electrically connected by a conductor 23. Electrolyte flow is as indicated at 27,28 and 29 and the electrical circuit is as indicated in Fig. 3. In operation, current is not switched to a member 21 until the tool has been moved forward sufficiently for the member to have reached a certain distance from the workpiece. Thus, with the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, current is supplied at first through only one member 21 but towards the end of the machining (Fig.2, not shown) it is being supplied through all the members. Fig.4 (not shown) illustrates the machining of both sides of a workpiece 47. Possible circuitry for this is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6 (not shown). Figs.7 and 8 (not shown) illustrate switching means for switching current in sequence to members 21 as a tool is advanced towards a workpiece. Fig.9 (not shown) illustrates circuitry whereby current is automatically switched to a member 21 when it approaches a workpiece 17 to within a certain distance detected by the circuitry. Detection of the spacing between a member and a workpiece may be by (a) taking account of the electrical resistance of the electrolyte between them or (b) by taking account of the position at which sparking occurs when test pulse voltages are applied between them. Using method (a), modified circuitry to that shown in Fig.9 (Fig.10 not shown) includes a bridge circuit which avoids inaccuracies which might result from variation in the resistivity of the electrolyte. Using method (b), modified circuitry (Fig.11 not shown) not only detects when the member 21 and the workpiece 17 are within a certain distance but measures the distance and adjusts the electrolysing current accordingly. Fig.12 shows a bipolar method of electrolytic machining using A.C. In operation the spacing between the members 21 and workpiece 17 is less than the thickness of the insulation 22 between members. Fig.13 (not shown) illustrates a similar method where both sides of a workpiece 47 are machined and Figs.14 and 15 (not shown) illustrate the use of 3-phase A.C. Figs 17 to 19 (not shown) illustrate end views of electrodes where the members have square, circular and rectangular end faces. Fig.21 (not shown) illustrates the electrolytic shaping of the end face of a tool-to-be 156 using a conductive shaping member 152. Abrasive material may be added to the electrolyte to speed up erosion of insulating material 157 between the members 155 making up the electrode-to-be. Fig.24 (not shown) illustrates the making of an electrode by winding an insulated wire 170 on a cylindrical core 172,rigidly holding a portion of the coil in place, cutting the coil in a radial plane through the axis of the core 172 and straightening out the bundle. Figs.26 and 27 (not shown) illustrate making an electrode by coating steel wires 180 with Al 181 followed by an electro deposit of PbO2 182. The bundle is electro shaped as in Fig. 21 (not shown) then heated to a temperature at which oxygen in the PbO2 diffuses into the Al forming an insulating layer of Al2O3 and the PbO2/t being converted into PbO which serves to cement the insulated wires together. The surface of the electrode is polished smooth and an electro deposit of Pt applied to the ends of the steel wires 180. Figs.28 and 29 (not shown) illustrate tool electrodes wherein the positions of the members 191 can be varied to provide different shapes. The ends 195 of the members 191 are placed against a model 196 of a surface having the desired shape and the members then secured in position. In the Fig.28 embodiment the members are positioned against the model 26 by gravity and then secured by clamps 198. In the Fig.29 embodiment (not shown) the members are positioned and secured by hydraulic means. For maximum accuracy, the approximately shaped tool may be electro-shaped. Figs. 30 (not shown), 31 and 32 illustrate apparatus wherein the positions of conductive members 220 are altered by means of a cam 227 during electrolytic machining of a workpiece 217. Each member 220 has a slot 222 with a rod 223 passing through it to limit the extreme positions between which the members 220 can be moved. The electrolyte may contain H2SO4,NaCl or NaOH. The active surfaces of a tool may comprise a material that will not dissolve electrolytically in the electrolyte, e.g. Pt or Pt base alloy, Pd or Pd base alloy, or may comprise a material which passivates when made anodic in the electrolyte, e.g. Ti,Ti base alloys or Ta, and where using an alkaline electrolyte may be Ni.